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تحقيق : آشنايي عمومي با تاسيسات فني گازرساني ( شبكه و انشعاب )
اين تحقيق بصورت لاتين از Department Of Transportation , USA مي باشد
فرمت : pdf
تعداد صفحه : 152
قیمت :مبلغ ۱۱ هزار تومان
فهرست مباحثي كه در اين تحقيق ارئه شده عبارتند از :
TO THE READER
The U.S. Office of Pipeline Safety promotes the safe transportation of natural gas by pipeline. This guidance manual for operators of small natural gas systems is part of our commitment to pipeline safety. This manual was developed to provide an overview of pipeline compliance
responsibilities under the federal pipeline safety regulations. It is designed for the nontechnically trained person who operates a master meter system, a small municipal system, or small independent system. The federal government recognizes that most operators of small natural gas systems have not had extensive qualification in operation and maintenance of a gas system. In addition, many of the safety regulations are in technical language that addresses generic requirements for both large and small natural gas systems. This manual attempts to simplify the technical language of the regulations. For certain critical regulations, this manual provides details of methods of operation and selection of materials that will satisfy the pipeline safety regulations. However, this is often only one of several allowable options. This manual provides a set of examples that operators of small natural gas systems can use to meet the minimum requirements of the pipeline safety regulations.
For example, requirements for pressure testing vary throughout the pipeline safety regulations. The test pressure used in this manual is usually 100 pounds per square inch to provide clarity and consistency to small operators unfamiliar with the intricacies of natural gas pipeline operations. The operator is referred to 49 CFR Part 192 for additional details and other options for reaching and maintaining compliance.
Our aim is to provide basic information to operators of small natural gas distribution and master meter systems to ensure compliance with the federal gas pipeline safety regulations. It is hoped that this document will assist operators in achieving and maintaining a safe and efficient natural gas system. The result will enhance public safety – the essential goal of the Office of Pipeline Safety
CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Introduction............................................................................................... I-1
Overview ................................................................................................... I-2
CHAPTER II – REGULATOR AND RELIEF DEVICES
Basic Concept ............................................................................................ II-1
Pressure and Force..................................................................................... II-2
Flow and Throttling ................................................................................... II-3
Basic Names and Terms ............................................................................. II-7
Overpressure Protection............................................................................. II-9
Pressure Relief ........................................................................................... II-12
Monitoring................................................................................................. II-13
Automatic Shutoff...................................................................................... II-14
CHAPTER III – CORROSION CONTROL
Federal Requirements................................................................................. III-1
Principles and Practices of Cathodic Protection .......................................... III-5
Fundamental Corrosion Theory .................................................................. III-15
Types of Cathodic Protection..................................................................... III-16
Initial Steps in Determining the Need to Cathodically Protect a
Small Gas Distribution System................................................................... III-18
Criteria for Cathodic Protection ................................................................. III-21
Coatings..................................................................................................... III-23
Common Causes of Corrosion in Gas Piping Systems................................. III-25
Revised – May, 2002 ii
CHAPTER IV – LEAK DETECTION
Methods of Detecting a Leak ..................................................................... IV-1
Description of Leak Detection Equipment .................................................. IV-3
Recommended Method for Surface Gas Detection Survey with
FI Unit (Natural Gas System Only)............................................................. IV-7
Odorization Equipment .............................................................................. IV-9
Records...................................................................................................... IV-14
GPTC – Guide Material for “Leak Classification and Action Criteria” ........ IV-14
Follow-up Inspection ................................................................................. IV-14
CHAPTER V – UNACCOUNTED FOR GAS
CHAPTER VI – REPAIRS AND NEW CONSTRUCTION
Planning Ahead .......................................................................................... VI-1
Excavation................................................................................................. VI-2
Emergency Excavation............................................................................... VI-2
Precautions to Avoid Damage .................................................................... VI-2
Excavation: Repair of Damage .................................................................. VI-2
Recommendation ....................................................................................... VI-3
Pipe Installation, Repair, and Replacement: General Comments.................. VI-3
Metallic Pipe Installation ............................................................................ VI-3
Plastic Pipe Installation............................................................................... VI-4
Repair Methods – Plastic and Metal ........................................................... VI-17
Materials and Equipment Qualified for Use in Natural Gas Systems............ VI-19
Pipe ........................................................................................................... VI-19
Valves........................................................................................................ VI-22
Flanges and Flange Accessories.................................................................. VI-22
Regulators and Overpressure Protection Equipment ................................... VI-23
Other Equipment........................................................................................ VI-23
Welding Requirements ............................................................................... VI-24
Common Construction Practices ................................................................ VI-28
Revised – May, 2002 iii
CHAPTER VII – PROPER LOCATION AND DESIGN OF CUSTOMER METER AND REGULATOR
SETS
Customer Meters and Regulators: Location............................................... VII-1
Customer Meters and Regulators: Protection From Damage...................... VII-2
Customer Meters Installations: Operating Pressure.................................... VII-2
Service Lines: Location of Valves ............................................................. VII-3
Common Problems at Service Riser and House Regulators......................... VII-7
CHAPTER VIII – PLANS AND REPORTS REQUIRED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Plans Required by the Federal Government................................................. VIII-1
Operations and Maintenance Plans ............................................................. VIII-1
Operations and Maintenance Plans Must Contain the
Following Components: ............................................................................. VIII-2
Emergency Plans........................................................................................ VIII-16
Reports Required by the Federal Government............................................. VIII-26
Incident Report .......................................................................................... VIII-26
Safety-Related and Condition Reports........................................................ VIII-27
Annual Reports .......................................................................................... VIII-28
APPENDIX A – GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS A-1
APPENDIX B – SAMPLE FORMS B-1
APPENDIX C – STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATORY AGENCIES
This guidance manual was revised under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of
Transportation. The manual relies on sources representing the best opinion on the subject at the
time of publication. However, it should not be assumed that all acceptable safety measures and
procedures are mentioned in this manual. The reader is referred to the Code of Federal
Regulations (49 CFR Parts 190-199 and Part 40) for the complete pipeline safety requirements.
The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), Research and Special Programs Administration
(RSPA) staff involved in the revision of this manual included:
Danny McGriff
Jim Anderson
Joel Kohler
Ed Steele
Dennis Fothergill
Mahendra Jhala
Ken Wood
Richard Sanders
Steve Horvath
Sponsor Approval:
Stacey Gerard
Associate Administrator for
Pipeline Safety
In addition, technical review was conducted by the Directors of the Office of Pipeline Safety’s
five regional offices and the National Association of Pipeline Safety Representatives (NAPSR),
as well as other OPS Headquarters’ regulatory, compliance, and program support staff.
This document is accessible via the Internet on http://ops.dot.gov or http://tsi.dot.gov.
This document may be reprinted without permission from the Office of Pipeline Safety.
Any comments, suggestions or revisions should be sent to the Division Manager, Pipeline Safety
Division, Transportation Safety Institute, DTI-60, 6500 S. MacArthur Blvd., Oklahoma City,
OK, 73169.
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تاريخ : سه شنبه 16 اردیبهشت 1404
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